UAE Business Information | UAE Free Zone Business setup, Business directory, Business setup in UAE and Dubai, List of Free Zones in UAE.

Doing business in UAE, Investor bounties

UAE maintains the status as one of the world's leading business hubs as it continuously create an efficient working environment for local and international companies to prosper. The UAE is ranked 46th in a worldwide list of 181 countries studied by a joint index of the World Bank and International Finance Corporation (IFC) on the ease of doing business.

It offers easy access to the 1.5 billion consumer markets situated in Africa, West Asia, CIS countries, and East Europe as well as the areas surrounding the Red Sea and the Gulf. With 11 state-of-the-art ports, 6 airports and satellite links with 230 countries, the UAE has become one of the leading enter port centers of the world; the visionary leadership of the UAE is concentrating its efforts on industrial development in the country.

A fast intercontinental road network connects the UAE to Oman, Qatar, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Kuwait and beyond to Europe. By sea, feeder operators provide regular scheduled sailings from the UAE terminals to the Indian subcontinent, Yemen, South and East Africa. Dubai International Airport offers 300 flights daily to and from some 100 destinations.

The country offers lucrative investment incentives and opportunities to local as well as international investors that are not generally available internationally. Significant among these are absence of corporate and income tax, no personal income taxes, no foreign exchange controls, 100% repatriation of capital and profits. The free trade zones with a variety of incentives are also playing an important role in attracting investment.

In general, establishing a business presence in UAE is relatively easier and straightforward.

Legal Structure for Business
The foreigners can participate in most of the available business activities in UAE. The Companies Law recognizes seven kinds of legal structures for formation under its provision with equity participation to foreigners in all except General Partnership.

Under Federal Law No. 8, business organizations may take one of seven forms:

Public Shareholding Companies
Private Shareholding Companies
Limited Liability Companies
General Partnerships
Limited Partnerships
Partnerships Limited by Shares
Shareholding Companies.

Companies not taking one of these forms are not legally recognized, and persons contracting in their name will be jointly and severally liable for the obligations arising from such contracts. Exceptions apply only for companies located in a Free Trade Zone. There are also requirements determining minimal capital contributions, the number of directors and shareholders, and incorporation procedures. Provisions concerning mergers and dissolution or conversion of companies are also included in the same law. Each entity must be registered and licensed with the UAE Federal Ministry of Economy and Commerce and with the appropriate authority in the Emirate in which its office will be located.

Furthermore, the law sets forth the general rule that participation of UAE nationals should never be less than 51 percent in any commercial enterprise.

Public Shareholding Companies
A minimum of 55 percent of the shares of a public shareholding company must be offered to the general public. The minimum amount of capital for a public shareholding company is Dh 10 million, of which a minimum of 25 percent must be settled on subscription. A shareholder's liability is limited to the nominal value of his shares in the company's capital. The PSC must have at least ten founders, unless a government entity is involved, in which case the number of founders may be lower. Shares are registered in a share register and cannot be issued at a price lower than nominal value; all shares have equal rights. The Board of Directors of this type of company must have a minimum of three and no more than twelve directors. The chairman, as well as a majority of the board, must be UAE nationals. In the event, a public shareholding company loses half of its capital, its board of directors is required to call a general meeting of shareholders to consider the continuation or dissolution of the company. If the board fails to call such meeting or if the meeting fails to reach a decision on the subject, any interested party may file a lawsuit seeking the dissolution of the company.
Private Shareholding Company
A private shareholding company must have a minimum of three shareholders. The minimum capital of a private shareholding company is Dh 2 million. Shares may not be offered to the public. The private shareholding company's incorporating documents must preclude public offering of shares.
Limited Liability Company
A limited liability company can be formed by a minimum of two and a maximum of fifty persons. Shareholder liability is limited to the value of shares held in the company's capital. The minimum capital required to establish a limited liability company is Dh 150,000 in Abu Dhabi and Dh 300,000 in Dubai. Management is handled by no more than five designated managers, who are not necessarily members of the company. Non-UAE nationals may own up to 49 percent of an LLC. The Companies Law provides that an LLC may engage in any lawful activity except insurance, banking and investment of money for others.
General Partnership
General partnerships are formed by two or more UAE nationals who are jointly and severally liable for its debts. This form is generally not available to non-nationals. Only the names of actual partners can be included in the company name, but the company may have a special trade name. Interests of a partner can be transferred as stipulated in the partnership agreement or with the approval of all partners. The management may include one or more managers who are UAE nationals and who may or may not be partners in the company. The dissolution of a partnership may occur on the death, insanity, bankruptcy or withdrawal of one of the partners. The remaining partners, however, may unanimously decide to continue the partnership, provided that such decision is registered in the commercial register.
Limited Partnership
A limited partnership is composed of one or more general partners who are jointly and severally liable for all of its debts, and one or more limited partners who are liable for the limited partnerships debts only to the extent of his capital contribution. A limited partner may not participate in the management or have his name appear in the name of the partnership. All general partners must be UAE nationals.
Partnership Limited by Shares
A partnership limited by shares has both general partners with unlimited liability and partners whose liability is limited by their shares in the capital. General partners must be UAE nationals while participating partners may be non-nationals. The capital must be at least Dh 500,000 and has to be divided into negotiable shares of equal value. Some formalities regarding the incorporation of a joint stock company are also applicable to a partnership limited by shares.
Joint Ventures
A joint venture is formed by agreement between two or more natural persons or legal entities, and its objectives and terms are governed by the joint venture contract. This agreement is not subject to registration in the Commercial Register. A joint venture may be carried out only in the private name of one of the UAE national partners. A foreign investor may chose to participate with up to 49 percent in a company formed in one of the structures open to foreign investors. Despite the requirement that the majority of shares must be held by UAE nationals, it is still believed by some to be the easiest solution to carry out business in the UAE. Other available methods are the establishment of a branch or the use of commercial agency agreements. Special attention should also be paid to the possibilities offered by the Free Trade Zones where businesses are exempt from most requirements applicable in the regular UAE territory.
Branches
A foreign company may establish a branch in the UAE but a local sponsor or agent is required who must be either a citizen of the UAE or a company wholly-owned by citizens of the UAE. A branch must be registered with the local chamber of commerce and the municipality. Since February 1990, branches of foreign companies (including those already in existence) are also required to register with the Ministry of Economy and Commerce. Under Commercial Law No. 8 of 1984 and Ministerial Decision No. 69 of 1989, a branch office of a foreign company does not have a separate legal entity. It merely represents the mother company and carries out business under its name. A branch office is usually permitted to promote and to market the products of its parent and enter into transactions and offer service to customers in its name. The UAE agent will render the necessary services for obtaining of licenses, visas and other permits and run the business of the office without assuming any financial obligation.
Commercial Agency
In order to make use of and conduct commercial agency activities, a foreign business is required to appoint an agent (an UAE national or a company owned by UAE nationals) for doing business in the UAE. Commercial agencies are governed by the Federal Commercial Agencies Law, Federal Law No. 18 of 1981, as amended by Law No. 14 of 1988. According to this law, all commercial agency agreements have to be registered with the Federal Ministry of Economy and Commerce. The Federal Commercial Agencies Law grants a commercial agent certain statutory rights which cannot be waived by contract. The most important are (1) any agent is entitled to territorial exclusivity in at least one Emirate and, accordingly, will receive infringement commissions on transactions concluded by the principle himself or by others within his territory; (2) the agent is entitled to prevent products subject to their agency from being imported into the UAE, if the agent is not the consignee ; and (3) it is not permissible for a principle to terminate an agency agreement without the agent's approval except for reasons accepted by the Commercial Agencies Committee of the Ministry of Economy and Commerce, even if the term of the agreement has been initially limited by agreement. In absence of a justifiable reason, the failure to renew an agreement may entitle the agent to compensation. It is possible to appoint an agent with rights to the entire UAE or for each or more than one of the single Emirates. The agents may themselves appoint distributors or sub-agents. According to the Court de Cassation (Federal Court of Appeal) in Abu Dhabi, any dispute arising out of commercial agencies must be submitted first to the Commercial Agencies Committee and any judgment of the courts given without such first submission will be null and void.
Setting up Business in Free Zones
UAE welcomes investors and entrepreneurs, it welcomes foreign workers, international companies, individual investors, and above all it welcomes investment and development. It is a future focused forward thinking state, and nowhere is this more obvious than in the infrastructure that Dubai has developed, and the free zones it has established to encourage international investment. Dubai's free zones are testimony to Dubai's forward looking government, its sound policy making and its commitment to promoting balanced growth and economic diversification and encouraging foreign direct investment. Within the free zones, multinational companies find the state-of-the-art infrastructure and liberal regulatory framework that are conducive to quickly and efficiently establishing operations in the region. Incentives vary by free zone but typically include: • 100% foreign ownership • Exemption from corporate and income taxes • Exemptions from customs duties • The freedom to repatriate both capital and profits • Absence of currency restrictions • Abundant inexpensive energy supply • Efficient transport and distribution facilities Application procedures for the free zones are simple and streamlined with maximum support provided by the individual zones to speed the process for individual companies. When a company is approved for a Free Trade Zone, it is given one of the following licenses by the Free Zone Authority.
Trade License
Companies which are legally incorporated outside the UAE in imports and exports are permitted a Trade license. Ownership can remain 100% foreign and no license is required from the Economic Department
Industrial License
Companies that are legally incorporated in industrial production outside the UAE and are within the Free Trade Zone can be given an Industrial license. Ownership can be 100% foreign and no Economic Department License is required.
Service License
Companies holding a valid license from the respective government body in the UAE can offer banking, contracting services etc. but have to abide by any requirements of the governing body.
National Industrial License
Industrial manufacturers granted these licenses are accorded the same status as a local or GCC Company in the UAE. Share capital must be at least 51% AGCC and 40% of the sale value of the product must be value-added.